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A pangram is a sentence that contains all letters of the alphabet. Less frequently, such sentences are called holalphabetic sentences.
Forsaking monastic tradition, twelve jovial friars gave up their vocation for a questionable existence on the flying trapeze. (106 letters)
No kidding -- Lorenzo called off his trip to visit Mexico City just because they told him the conquistadores were extinct. (99 letters)
Jelly-like above the high wire, six quaking pachyderms kept the climax of the extravaganza in a dazzling state of flux. (96 letters)
Ebenezer unexpectedly bagged two tranquil aardvarks with his jiffy vacuum cleaner. (71 letters)
Six javelins thrown by the quick savages whizzed forty paces beyond the mark. (64 letters)
The explorer was frozen in his big kayak just after making queer discoveries. (64 letters)
The July sun caused a fragment of black pine wax to ooze on the velvet quilt. (61 letters)
The public was amazed to view the quickness and dexterity of the juggler. (60 letters)
While Suez sailors wax parquet decks, Afghan Jews vomit jauntily abaft. (59 letters)
We quickly seized the black axle and just saved it from going past him. (57 letters)
Six big juicy steaks sizzled in a pan as five workmen left the quarry. (56 letters)
While making deep excavations we found some quaint bronze jewelry. (56 letters)
Jaded zombies acted quaintly but kept driving their oxen forward. (55 letters)
A mad boxer shot a quick, gloved jab to the jaw of his dizzy opponent. (54 letters)
The job requires extra pluck and zeal from every young wage earner. (54 letters)
A quart jar of oil mixed with zinc oxide makes a very bright paint. (53 letters)
Whenever the black fox jumped the squirrel gazed suspiciously. (53 letters)
We promptly judged antique ivory buckles for the next prize. (50 letters)
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts! (49 letters)
Crazy Fredericka bought many very exquisite opal jewels. (48 letters)
Sixty zippers were quickly picked from the woven jute bag. (48 letters)
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes. (40 letters)
Heavy boxes perform quick waltzes and jigs. (36 letters)
Jinxed wizards pluck ivy from the big quilt. (36 letters)
Big Fuji waves pitch enzymed kex liquor. (33 letters)
The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. (33 letters)
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. (32 letters)
Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. (31 letters)
The five boxing wizards jump quickly. (31 letters)
How quickly daft jumping zebras vex. (30 letters)
Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim. (29 letters)
Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow. (29 letters)
Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud. (28 letters)
Blowzy night-frumps vex'd Jack Q. (26 letters)
Glum Schwartzkopf vex'd by NJ IQ. (26 letters)
Words
Aibohphobia
Alula
Cammac
Civic
Deified
Deleveled
Detartrated
Devoved
Dewed
Evitative
Hannah
Kayak
Kinnikinnik
Lemel
Level
Madam
Malayalam
Minim
Murdrum
Peeweep
Racecar
Radar
Redder
Refer
Reifier
Repaper
Reviver
Rotator
Rotavator
Rotor
Sagas
Solos
Sexes
Stats
Tenet
Terret
Testset
Places
Glenelg (Australia)
Kanakanak (Alaska)
Kinikinik (Colorado)
Navan (Meath, Ireland)
Neuquen (Argentina)
Ward Draw (South Dakota)
Wassamassaw (South Carolina)
Yreka Bakery (Yreka, California)
Not Quite Legitimate
Retteb, si flahd noces eht tub, but the second half is better.
Doctor Reubenstein was shocked and dismayed when he answered the ringing telephone, only to hear a strange, metallic, alien voice say, "Yasec iovn eilacilla temeg! Nartsa raehoty lnoenoh pelet gnig, nirehtde rewsnaehn ehw. Deya! Msid! Dnadek cohssaw nietsne buerro, tcod?"
Phrases and Sentences
A dog, a plan, a canal: pagoda.
A man, a plan, a canal: Panama.
A new order began, a more Roman age bred Rowena.
A tin mug for a jar of gum, Nita.
A Toyota. Race fast, safe car. A Toyota.
Able was I ere I saw Elba.
Animal loots foliated detail of stool lamina.
Anne, I vote more cars race Rome to Vienna.
Are we not drawn onward, we few, drawn onward to new era?
Are we not pure? "No sir!" Panama's moody Noriega brags. "It is garbage!" Irony dooms a man; a prisoner up to new era.
As I pee, sir, I see Pisa!
Barge in! Relate mere war of 1991 for a were-metal Ernie grab!
Bombard a drab mob.
Bush saw Sununu swash sub.
Cain: a maniac.
Cigar? Toss it in a can. It is so tragic.
Daedalus: nine. Peninsula: dead.
Dammit, I'm mad!
Delia saw I was ailed.
Denim axes examined.
Dennis and Edna sinned.
Depardieu, go razz a rogue I draped.
Desserts, I stressed!
Did I draw Della too tall, Edward? I did?
Do good? I? No! Evil anon I deliver. I maim nine more hero-men in Saginaw, sanitary sword a-tuck, Carol, I -- lo! -- rack, cut a drowsy rat in Aswan. I gas nine more hero-men in Miami. Reviled, I (Nona) live on. I do, O God!
Doc, note I dissent: a fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.
Drab as a fool, aloof as a bard.
Drat Saddam, a mad dastard!
Draw, O coward!
Draw pupil's lip upward.
Ed, I saw Harpo Marx ram Oprah W. aside.
Eva, can I stab bats in a cave?
Evil did I dwell; lewd I did live.
Gateman sees name, garageman sees name tag.
Go hang a salami; I'm a lasagna hog.
Goldenrod-adorned log.
Golf? No sir, prefer prison-flog.
Harass sensuousness, Sarah.
I roamed under it as a tired, nude Maori.
Laminated E.T. animal.
Lay a wallaby baby ball away, Al.
Lepers repel.
Let O'Hara gain an inn in a Niagara hotel.
Live not on evil.
Lived on Decaf; faced no Devil.
Lonely Tylenol.
Ma is a nun, as I am.
Ma is as selfless as I am.
Madam, I'm Adam.
Madam in Eden, I'm Adam.
Marge lets Norah see Sharon's telegram.
May a moody baby doom a yam.
Meet animals; laminate 'em.
Mr. Owl ate my metal worm.
Murder for a jar of red rum.
Never odd or even.
No, Mel Gibson is a casino's big lemon.
No cab, no tuna nut on bacon.
No lemon, no melon.
No sir -- away! A papaya war is on.
On a clover, if alive, erupts a vast, pure evil; a fire volcano.
Party boobytrap.
Poor Dan is in a droop.
Reviled did I live, said I, as evil I did deliver.
Rise to vote, sir.
Saw tide rose? So red it was.
Senile felines.
So many dynamos!
Some men interpret nine memos.
Stab nail at ill Italian bats.
Stack cats.
Stella won no wallets.
Step on no pets.
Stop! Murder us not, tonsured rumpots!
Straw? No, too stupid a fad; I put soot on warts.
T. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid tang emanating, is sad. I'd assign it a name: gnat dirt upset on drab pot-toilet.
Tarzan raised Desi Arnaz' rat.
Ten animals I slam in a net.
Too bad I hid a boot.
Was it a car or a cat I saw?
Wonder if Sununu's fired now.
Won't I panic in a pit now?
Won't lovers revolt now?
Yo, banana boy!
Yo, Bob! Mug o' gumbo, boy!
Yo, bottoms up! (U.S. motto, boy.)
Numerical Words
There are several interesting observations that can be made about numbers,
as spelled out in English words. Here are a few:
Miscellaneous Facts
Eight is the first number alphabetically. Zero is the last.
Four is the only number that, spelled out, has as many letters.
The only integer names with no repeated letters are zero, one, two, four, five, six, eight, ten, forty, forty-six, sixty, sixty-one, sixty-four, eighty, eighty-four and five thousand.
The shortest names for numbers are one, two, six and ten. The longest names for numbers have 758 letters each, and there are 984, 770, 902, 183, 611, 232, 881 (or 344) such numbers. the smallest of these is 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373 and the largest of these is 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878, 878.
Forty is the only number whose letters are in alphabetical order. One is the only number whose letters are in reverse alphabetical order. First also has its letters in alphabetical order.
The smallest number whose name uses the five vowels a, e, i, o, u in order is 1084 (one thousand eighty-four)
The smallest number whose name uses the five vowels a, e, i, o, u in any order is 1005 (one thousand five).
The smallest number whose name uses the six vowels a, e, i, o, u, y in order is 1, 000, 000, 000, 008, 020 (one quadrillion eight thousand twenty)
The smallest number whose name uses the six vowels a, e, i, o, u, y (in any order) is 1025 (one thousand twenty-five)
The largest number whose name uses only one distinct vowel is seventeen (using only e)
Eighty-six, nine letters long, is the longest number that is normally typed using strictly alternating hands (ignoring the hyphen).
The word interchangeability contains the letters to form more numbers than any other word. Its letters can form the words three, eight, nine, ten, thirteen, thirty-nine, eighty, eighty-nine, ninety and ninety-eight.
Zenzizenzizenzic (eighth power of a number) has more z's than any other word in English.
First Appearances of Letters
One thousand is the first number that, when spelled out, contains an a. (One hundred and one if you count the 'and'.)
One billion is the first number that contains a b.
One octillion is the first number that contains a c.
One hundred is the first number that contains a d.
Zero is the first number that contains an e. Starting from one, it's one.
Four is the first number that contains an f.
Eight is the first number that contains a g.
Three is the first number that contains an h.
Five is the first number that contains an i.
The letters J and k do not appear in the spelling of any cardinal number.
Eleven is the first number that contains an l.
One million is the first number that contains an m.
One is the first number that contains an n.
Zero is the first number that contains an o. starting from one, it's one.
One septillion is the first number that contains a p.
One quadrillion is the first number that contains a q.
Zero is the first number that contains an r. Starting from one, it's three.
Six is the first number that contains an s.
Two is the first number that contains a t.
Four is the first number that contains a u.
Five is the first number that contains a v.
Two is the first number that contains a w.
Six is the first number that contains an x.
Twenty is the first number that contains a y.
Zero is the first and only number that contains a z. (One zillion is not a real number.)
Seven is the first number not to contain any letter for the first time.
One octillion, the first number containing a c, is the largest number to contain any letter for the first time.
Roman Numerals
The first Roman numeral alphabetically is C (100); the last is XXXVIII (38). The first odd Roman nemeral alphabetically is CCCI (301); the last is XXXVII (37).
MIX is the longest English word that is also a valid number in Roman numerals.
DIVIDIVI (a tropical American tree) is the longest word composed solely of Roman numeral letters. Some other such words of four or more letters are CIMICIC (a yellow oil), CIMICIC (an insect), CIVIC, CIVIL, CIXIID (one of the Cixiidae, a family of insects of the order Homoptera), DILL, DILLI (a bag or basket also called a dilly bag), DIXID (a type of midge), IDIC (pertaining to or consisting of ids), ILICIC, IMID (variant spelling of imide), IMIDIC (related to an imide), IMMI (unit of measure formerly used in Switzerland = 1.51) IMMIX, IXIL (a Mayan tribe), LIL, LIVID, MIDI, MILD, MILL, MIMI (girl's name), CLIM (dialect word, past tense of climb), MIMIC, VILI (a brother of Odin in Norse mythology), VILL, VILLI (plural of villus) and VIVID.
BACILLICIDIC (destructive to bacilli) and MILLIMILLINARY (correct within a millionth part) have the longest uninterrupted string of Roman numeral letters in a word (10).
Among words consisting only of Roman numeral letters, the words with highest total value are MIMIC (2,102) and IMMIX (2,012).
Andaman and Nicobar Islands - Port Blair
Andhra Pradesh - Hyderabad
Arunachal Pradesh - Itanagar
Assam - Guwahati
Bihar - Patna
Chandigarh - Chandigarh
Chhattisgarh - Raipur
Dadra and Nagar - Haveli
Daman and Diu - Daman
Goa - Panaji
Gujarat - Gandhinagar
Haryana - Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh - Shimla
Jammu and Kashmir - Srinagar (S) Jammu (W
Jharkhand - Ranchi
Karnataka - Bengaluru
Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram
Lakshadweep - Kavaratti—
Madhya Pradesh - Bhopal
Maharashtra - Mumbai
Manipur - Imphal
Meghalaya - Shillong
Mizoram - Aizawl
Nagaland - Kohima
Orissa - Bhubaneshwar
Puducherry - Puducherry
Punjab - Chandigarh
Rajasthan - Jaipur
Sikkim - Gangtok
Tamil Nadu - Chennai
Tripura - Agartala
Uttar Pradesh - Lucknow
Uttarakhand - Dehradun
West Bengal - Kolkata
The 194 Countries on Earth With Their Capital City or Citiesinternet forum
Afghanistan - Kabul
Albania - Tirane
Algeria - Algiers
Andorra - Andorra la Vella
Angola - Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda - Saint John's
Argentina - Buenos Aires
Armenia - Yerevan
Australia - Canberra
Austria - Vienna
Azerbaijan - Baku
The Bahamas - Nassau
Bahrain - Manama
Bangladesh - Dhaka
Barbados - Bridgetown
Belarus - Minsk
Belgium - Brussels
Belize - Belmopan
Benin - Porto-Novo
Bhutan - Thimphu
Bolivia - La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo
Botswana - Gaborone
Brazil - Brasilia
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria - Sofia
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou
Burundi - Bujumbura
Cambodia - Phnom Penh
Cameroon - Yaounde
Canada - Ottawa
Cape Verde - Praia
Central African Republic - Bangui
Chad - N'Djamena
Chile - Santiago
China - Beijing
Colombia - Bogota
Comoros - Moroni
Congo, Republic of the - Brazzaville
Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Kinshasa
Costa Rica - San Jose
Cote d'Ivoire - Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)
Croatia - Zagreb
Cuba - Havana
Cyprus - Nicosia
Czech Republic - Prague
Denmark - Copenhagen
Djibouti - Djibouti
Dominica - Roseau
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo
East Timor - Dili
Ecuador - Quito
Egypt - Cairo
El Salvador - San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo
Eritrea - Asmara
Estonia - Tallinn
Ethiopia - Addis Ababa
Fiji - Suva
Finland - Helsinki
France - Paris
Gabon - Libreville
The Gambia - Banjul
Georgia - Tbilisi
Germany - Berlin
Ghana - Accra
Greece - Athens
Grenada - Saint George's
Guatemala - Guatemala City
Guinea - Conakry
Guinea-Bissau - Bissau
Guyana - Georgetown
Haiti - Port-au-Prince
Honduras - Tegucigalpa
Hungary - Budapest
Iceland - Reykjavik
India - New Delhi
Indonesia - Jakarta
Iran - Tehran
Iraq - Baghdad
Ireland - Dublin
Israel - Jerusalem
Italy - Rome
Jamaica - Kingston
Japan - Tokyo
Jordan - Amman
Kazakhstan - Astana
Kenya - Nairobi
Kiribati - Tarawa Atoll
Korea, North - Pyongyang
Korea, South - Seoul
Kuwait - Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek
Laos - Vientiane
Latvia - Riga
Lebanon - Beirut
Lesotho - Maseru
Liberia - Monrovia
Libya - Tripoli
Liechtenstein - Vaduz
Lithuania - Vilnius
Luxembourg - Luxembourg
Macedonia - Skopje
Madagascar - Antananarivo
Malawi - Lilongwe
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur
Maldives - Male
Mali - Bamako
Malta - Valletta
Marshall Islands - Majuro
Mauritania - Nouakchott
Mauritius - Port Louis
Mexico - Mexico City
Federated States of Micronesia - Palikir
Moldova - Chisinau
Monaco - Monaco
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro - Podgorica
Morocco - Rabat
Mozambique - Maputo
Myanmar (Burma) - Rangoon (Yangon); Nay Pyi Taw (administrative)
Namibia - Windhoek
Nauru - no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Nepal - Kathmandu
Netherlands - Amsterdam; The Hague (seat of government)
New Zealand - Wellington
Nicaragua - Managua
Niger - Niamey
Nigeria - Abuja
Norway - Oslo
Oman - Muscat
Pakistan - Islamabad
Palau - Melekeok
Panama - Panama City
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby
Paraguay - Asuncion
Peru - Lima
Philippines - Manila
Poland - Warsaw
Portugal - Lisbon
Qatar - Doha
Romania - Bucharest
Russia - Moscow
Rwanda - Kigali
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Basseterre
Saint Lucia - Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Kingstown
Samoa - Apia
San Marino - San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh
Senegal - Dakar
Serbia - Belgrade
Seychelles - Victoria
Sierra Leone - Freetown
Singapore - Singapore
Slovakia - Bratislava
Slovenia - Ljubljana
Solomon Islands - Honiara
Somalia - Mogadishu
South Africa - Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)
Spain - Madrid
Sri Lanka - Colombo; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative)
Sudan - Khartoum
Suriname - Paramaribo
Swaziland - Mbabana
Sweden - Stockholm
Switzerland - Bern
Syria - Damascus
Taiwan - Taipei
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
Tanzania - Dar es Salaam; Dodoma (legislative)
Thailand - Bangkok
Togo - Lome
Tonga - Nuku'alofa
Trinidad and Tobago - Port-of-Spain
Tunisia - Tunis
Turkey - Ankara
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat
Tuvalu - Vaiaku village, Funafuti province
Uganda - Kampala
Ukraine - Kyiv
United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom - London
United States - Washington D.C.
Uruguay - Montevideo
Uzbekistan - Tashkent
Vanuatu - Port-Vila
Vatican City (Holy See) - Vatican City
Venezuela - Caracas
Vietnam - Hanoi
Yemen - Sanaa
Zambia - Lusaka
Zimbabwe - Harare
Some Interesting Facts
People Remember:
According to the Gospels, Jesus had no particular quarrel with Rome and did not violate Roman law. And yet he was punished by the Romans in accordance with Roman law, and executed by a means exclusively reserved for those guilty of crimes against the empire. There is a reason for the latter: It is a "cruel and unusual" punishment, calculated to derive the maximum amount of suffering. As such, the Roman practice adhered to a very precise procedure. First a flogging and weakening by a loss of blood. Then outstretched arms fashioned by throngs or nails to a heavy wooden beam, which the victim carried across his neck and shoulders to the place of execution.
With the victim hanging from the beam, it is raised and attached to a vertical post or stake. Hanging from their hands, the victims can no longer breathe. But to prolong the event, their feet are fixed to the cross. This latter point is critical in that it allows them to press down on their feet and thus relieve the pressure on their chest. Despite the agony, a man suspended with his feet fixed (especially a healthy and fit man) can survive for a least one or two days. In fact some victims might take as much as a week to die -- from exhaustion, thirst, or blood poisoning from the nails. As an act of mercy, the agony could be foreshortened by breaking the victim's legs or knees. This coup de grace then caused a very rapid death, from asphyxiation of the pressure on his chest.
According to John's Gospel (the only Gospel modern scholars consider to be based on an eye-witness account) Jesus' feet were fixed to the cross, and yet, he was pronounced dead within no more than a few hours. In the Gospel of Mark, even Pilate is astonished by Jesus' rapid demise (“And Pilate marveled if he were already dead.” -- Mark 15:44). Jesus' executioners were in fact about to break his legs when they were forestalled. Which is strange. Why hasten one's death, if apparently death had been very imminent? In many respects, the timing of Jesus' death is a bit too opportune.
According to John, Jesus from the cross complains of thirst. In reply, he is given a sponge allegedly soaked in vinegar. Rather than another act of cruelty, vinegar - or soured wine - is a temporary stimulant with the effects similar to smelling salts. As such, it was often used to resuscitate flagging slaves on galleys. For a wounded and exhausted man a sniff or taste of vinegar produces a restorative effect, a momentary surge of energy. And yet in Jesus' case, his reaction is to utter his last words and "give up the ghost", all of which is physiologically inexplicable.
On the other hand, his reaction would have been entirely consistent with a sponge soaked in something other than vinegar, such as belladonna or a soporific drug. Such drugs were common in the Middle East at the time, and would have constituted a stratagem designed to produce a semblance of death, and in the process save Jesus' life.
Modern scholars agree Jesus deliberately and unabashedly modeled his life in accordance with the prophecies of the Old Testament which heralded the coming of a Messiah:
For example, riding upon two asses on his triumphal entry into Jerusalem was one such act. ["Rejoice, rejoice, daughter of Zion, shout aloud, daughter of Jerusalem; for see, your king is coming to you, his cause won, his victory gained, humble and mounted on an ass, on a foal, the young of a she-ass." Zecharia 9:9]
Another is his betrayal by a disciple. "They say, 'Put up some rascal to denounce him, an accuser to stand at his right side.' But when judgment is given, that rascal will be exposed and his follies accounted a sin. May his days be few; may his charge fall to another! May his children be fatherless, his wife, a widow!" [Psalms. 109:6-9] Judas had already been entrusted with the group's money, its 'hoarded wealth', such that he was likely the “rascal” who was set up to denounce Jesus -- potentially at Jesus' request!
The apparent death of Jesus is also no exception. "Yet on himself he bore our sufferings, our torments he endured, while we counted him smitten by God, struck down by disease and misery; but he was pierced through for our transgressions, tortured for our iniquities; the chastisement he bore is health for us and by his scourging we are healed. We had all strayed like sheep, each of us had gone his own way; but the LORD laid upon him the guilt of us all... With protection, without justice, he was taken away; and who gave a thought for his fate, how he was cut off from the world of living men, stricken to the death for my people's transgression?" - Isaiah 53:4-8.
The beginning of Psalms. 22:1 is also interesting: "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me...?" Or Psalms. 69:21... "They gave me also gall for my meat; and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink."
With a knowledge of the Scriptures (Old Testament), Jesus realized that to be accepted as the true Messiah, it was essential that every aspect of his life be in full accordance with the Jewish prophecies. Fortunately for him, the Scriptures did not require his death!
Perhaps the vinegar was not vinegar, but a drug to cause Jesus to appear dead. Concocted by an Essene herbalist-physician, the drug would be sufficiently powerful to induce almost total paralysis -- and in particular, near extinction of respiration and heartbeat. With Jesus apparently dead, there would be no reason to break his legs (an act which might have been imminent in order to allow the corpse to be taken down before Passover Sabbath, as required by Jewish Law). Simultaneously, one of Jesus' friends in high places could approach the authorities for permission to remove the body for burial to a nearby, spacious tomb (where in the coolness and privacy, hidden Essene physicians, armed with the appropriate antidote, could treat and revive their patient).
But things did not go entirely according to plan. With the guards already breaking the legs of the other two crucified men, one Roman guard contented himself with making sure of death by thrusting a lance into Jesus' side. This complicated the Essene physicians' tasks. Jesus' flogging had possibly been more severe than expected, and there was also an apparent delay while Pilate checked the report of Jesus' death.
While the doctors might well have been able to save Jesus' life, the greater disaster was that he would be unable to fulfill the final stages of his mission - to rise and lead a triumphant hoard of Jews back to Jerusalem in three days hence (again, in accordance with the Old Testament prophecies). The latter appears in the three days Jonah appeared in the Whale (the same three days of the "Dark days of the Moon”) and, for example, Psalms. 118:17-18: "I shall not die but live to proclaim the works of the Lord. The Lord did indeed chasten me, but he did not surrender me to Death."
There is also the consistent agreement of modern scholars that the Crucifiction was more likely held at the Garden of Gethsemane - which would leave considerable room for a mock crucifixion, a skillfully stage-managed ritual. Only a few eyewitnesses would have been immediately present, with the general populace constrained to witness from a distance, the latter fact confirmed by the Synoptic Gospels.
Furthermore, in the Greek version of the Gospels, when Joseph of Arimetha asks for Jesus' body, he used the word soma - a word applied only to a living body. Pilate, assenting to the request, employs the word ptoma - which means "corpse". (Perhaps the Greeks knew something we didn't.) Interestingly, there is also the possibility that Pilate was bribed. This would account for the crucifiction taking place at the Garden of Gethsemane (private land), and for the body being taken down so quickly. In short the evidence is overwhelming that the Cruci- fixion was instead a Cruci- fiction.
The true aftermath has several possibilities. Jesus was undoubtedly removed from his tomb by the morning of the third day. Unfortunately for all their planning, Jesus, still seriously hurt, was unable to lead his followers into Jerusalem. Instead, he may well have been taken to Egypt, specifically Alexandria -- where, at about the same time, the sage Ormus is said to have created the Rose-Croix by amalgamating Christianity with earlier, pre-Christian mysteries. According to certain Islamic and Indian legends, Jesus eventually died, at a ripe old age, somewhere in the east -- possibly in Kashmir. At least one modern scholar has made a persuasive argument that Jesus died at Masada when the fortress fell to the Romans in AD 74 -- by which time he would have been approaching his eightieth year. His wife, Mary Magdalen, may well have fled the country, and in fact landed in Southern France. With her, she would have carried the Holy Grail -- or "Blood Royal".
Remember Barabbas? The one spared in lieu of Jesus? Some scholars consider the term to be a corruption of Jesus Berabbi. "Berabbi" was a title reserved for the highest and most esteemed rabbis and was placed after the rabbi's given name, as it may have been done in Matthew's Gospel. Alternatively, "Jesus Barabbas" might originally have been "Jesus bar Rabbi" -- literally, "Jesus, son of the Rabbi".
There is no record anywhere that Jesus's father was a rabbi, but if Jesus had a son named after himself, that son would indeed have been "Jesus bar Rabbi". Furthermore, rabbis were expected, as a matter of course, to marry and have children. If Jesus was a rabbi, it would have been very unusual for him to remain childless. It is also noteworthy that, in Matthew's Gospel, Barabbas is described as a "notable prisoner", which would be true if Barabbas was the son and heir apparent of Jesus, the King of the Jews.
Such a situation would account for the crowd of Jews, which when given the choice between the two, would consider the dynasty more important than the individual, and thus ask for the release of the son. Would not a people, faced with the dreadful choice, prefer to see their king sacrificed in order that his offspring and his line might survive. If the line survived, there would at least be hope for the future.
Thus it would seem that a son, a "Blood Royal", could have accompanied his mother, the wife of Jesus to safety in the South of France.
Judas Iscariot, son of Simon, should not be confused with Jude Thomas (more commonly known as Saint Thomas the Apostle), or with Saint Jude who was also one of the twelve Apostles.
Judas (pronounced yu-das in ancient Greek and Latin) is the Greek form of the common name Judah. In English translations of the Bible is also found the name Jude, however there is no such distinction in the original Greek or in the Latin Vulgate translation. King David united the Kingdom of Israel and King Solomon built the First Temple, however the kingdom split into two in 928 BC, namely the northern kingdom Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah. In 722 BC, the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V conquered Israel and renamed it Samerina (Samaria). In 586 BC, the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Judah, destroyed the First Temple, and exiled the Judeans to Babylon. Cyrus II of Persia conquered Babylon in 539 BC and granted the Judeans the right to return and to rebuild their Temple (Second Temple). For this reason Isaiah 44:25-45:4 proclaimed Cyrus to be anointed. Consequently, Judah, Judean, and Jew are almost synonymous. Technically, for the context of the New Testament, Judean is correct, as the Roman Emperor Augustus created Iudaea Province (6-64 , 73-132 AD) in Latin which is generally translated into English as Judea, hence its people were called Judeans.
What Iscariot signifies is unclear, other than its Greek suffix -otes, like English "ite" or "-ian". No territory "Iscaria" has ever existed. A birthplace is sometimes offered at the Karioth that is mentioned only once, in a long list of cities in the time of Joshua (Joshua 15:25), concerning which The Classical Gazeteer tactfully remarked "of uncertain position" [2]. Karioth is not mentioned in any text of the centuries before or after Judas Iscariot. (Compare Cana and Arimathea.)
There are two major theories on the meaning of this name, each of which must satisfy certain expectations in order to be credible:
The first of the two main etymologies, which is the one accepted by the majority, and credited to Jerome, derives Iscariot from Hebrew, that is "man of Kerioth", the Judean town (or, more probably, collection of small towns) of Kerioth, not otherwise related to any person or event in the New Testament, nor mentioned in any document of the period, but referred to in the book of Jeremiah. In a similar vein, may be simply the plural of "small city", in which case we have something like "of the suburbs", i.e. it may be the case that Judas Iscariot is nothing more specific than the Jew from the suburbs. As Aramaic was the main language of the time, and all other New Testament characters have Aramaic surnames and nicknames, this Hebrew Judaean name could have marked out Judas as different from the Galilean disciples.
In the second main etymology, "Iscariot" is considered to be a transformation by metathesis of the Latin sicarius, or "dagger-man". The Sicarii were a cadre of assassins among Jewish rebels intent on driving the Romans out of Judea. It is possible then, that this Latin name might have been transformed by Aramaic into a form more closely resembling "Iscariot". But many historians maintain that the sicarii only arose in the 40's or 50's of the 1st century, so Judas could not have been a member. [1] While Judas may or may not have actually been a sicariote, the term may have been used for him pejoratively. Therefore, if Judas is largely synonymous with Judean and if Iscariot means Sicarius, then Judas Iscariot would mean Judean Assassin.
In more fringe etymologies theory suggests that Iscariot could also be derived from the Aramaic sheqarya' or shiqrai, indicating a person who is a fraud; "the false one" would usually be written as ishqaraya. It could also have been derived from the Hebrew sachar. It also has been theorised that Iscariot could mean deliverer, derived from the Hebrew sakar (Hebraist Joel M. Hoffman's table of Hebrew and Greek names is helpful for understanding this sort of etymology). One factor arguing against Iscariot deriving from Judas' betrayal of Jesus is the reference in John 6:71 to Judas as son of Simon the Iscariot. In light of this, Iscariot appears to be a family name, or at least something that could be applied also to his father, which would make these fringe theories unlikely.
Because of Judas' role in betraying Jesus Christ, the name Judas - which was common during the time of Jesus - has almost entirely fallen out of use as a name among Christians, though its Hebrew equivalent Yehuda remains common among Jews, and the etymologically equivalent name Jude is not unknown among Christians.
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